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Veron@ quotidiano - edizione del 19 dicembre 2001
Nessuno e' piu' al sicuro dai cattivi
di Flavio Filini
Le oscure ombre dei tribunali staliniani sbiadiscono al confronto, la nuova minaccia sono i tribunali segreti.
Il contenuto dell'editto stabilisce che gli stranieri sospetti potranno essere processati in segreto con procedure stabilite caso per caso. Questi tribunali segreti potrenno essere organizzati ovunque ed emetteranno condanne anche utilizzando i “sentito dire” e discorsi riportati di terzi, i sospetti non avranno diritto di accesso ad un avvocato e nemmeno la possibilità di conoscere le prove a loro carico. La pena puo' essere la morte comminata da sentenze senza appello.
Il pericolo rappresentato da questi tribunali è grave e va combattuto da tutte le forze civili e democratiche, è una forma di terrorismo inammissibile ed una violazione dei diritti umani delle persone che avranno a che fare con simili istituzioni degne della peggiore inquisizione.
Se non basta il buon senso per capire la pericolosita' di queste strutture riporto alcuni articoli della dichiarazione dei diritti dell'uomo approvata dalle Nazioni Unite nel 1948.
ARTICOLO 1
Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.
ARTICOLO 2
1) Ad ogni individuo spettano tutti i diritti e tutte le libertà enunciate nella presente Dichiarazione, senza distinzione alcuna, per ragioni di razza, di colore, di sesso, di lingua, di religione, di opinione politica o di altro genere, di origine nazionale o sociale, di ricchezza, di nascita o di altra condizione.
2) Nessuna distinzione sarà inoltre stabilita sulla base dello statuto politico, giuridico internazionale del paese o del territorio sia indipendente, o sottoposto ad amministrazione fiduciaria o non autonomo, o soggetto a qualsiasi limitazione di sovranità.
ARTICOLO 10
Ogni individuo ha diritto, in posizione di piena uguaglianza, ad una equa e pubblica udienza davanti ad un tribunale indipendente e imparziale, al fine della determinazione dei suoi diritti e dei suoi doveri nonché della fondatezza di ogni accusa penale gli venga rivolta.
ARTICOLO 11
1) Ogni individuo accusato di un reato è presunto innocente sino a che la sua colpevolezza non sia stata provata legalmente in un pubblico processo nel quale egli abbia avuto tutte le garanzie necessarie per la sua difesa.
[...]
ARTICOLO 30
Nulla nella presente Dichiarazione può essere interpretato nel senso di implicare un diritto di un qualsiasi Stato, gruppo o persona di esercitare un’attività o di compiere un atto mirante alla distruzione di alcuni dei diritti e delle libertà in essa enunciati.
Credo che chiunque sia d'accordo su quanto affermato finora. Adesso proviamo a leggere la traduzione di quanto pubblicato su Time, edizione europea, del 26 novembre 2001, pag 52:
“La settimana scorsa Bush ha firmato i risultati del lavoro legale - un ordine militare che permette di processare stranieri sospettati di terrorismo, a discrezione del presidente, davanti a tribunali militari speciali. Le procedure, che verranno fissate caso per caso dal segretario alla difesa Donald Rumsfeld, potranno essere segrete. I processi potranno avere luogo negli USA o all'estero. Discorsi riferiti potranno essere usati come prove. L'imputato non ha né il diritto di contestare le prove contro di lui né quello di ascoltarle. Puo' non avere accesso ad un difensore di sua scelta. La colpevolezza non deve essere provata oltre ogni ragionevole dubbio. Il verdetto non deve essere unanime. Le esecuzioni sono ammesse. Puo' non essere previsto l'appello.”
La notizia sconcertante e' che questi tribunali militari segreti sono stati istituiti dagli USA, in completo dispregio della dichiarazione dei diritti umani. Sotto riportiamo il testo integrale, reperibile in Rete del'ordine militare firmato il 13 novembre da Bush.
Per colmo di ironia lo stesso Bush ha proclamato il 9 dicembre “Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day, and Human Rights Week”.
La minaccia ai diritti umani non arriva solo dai terroristi piu' o meno arabi, ma anche da coloro che proclamano di difenderli. Per i curiosi alla fine dell'articolo si trova anche la proclamazione del 9 dicembre giornata dei diritti umani.
September 11, 2001 : Attack on America
Military Order - Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism; November 13, 2001
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
November 13, 2001
Military Order
Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism
By the authority vested in me as President and as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Authorization for Use of Military Force Joint Resolution (Public Law 107-40, 115 Stat. 224) and sections 821 and 836 of title 10, United States Code, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Findings.
(a) International terrorists, including members of al Qaida, have carried out attacks on United States diplomatic and military personnel and facilities abroad and on citizens and property within the United States on a scale that has created a state of armed conflict that requires the use of the United States Armed Forces.
(b) In light of grave acts of terrorism and threats of terrorism, including the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, on the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense in the national capital region, on the World Trade Center in New York, and on civilian aircraft such as in Pennsylvania, I proclaimed a national emergency on September 14, 2001 (Proc. 7463, Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks).
(c) Individuals acting alone and in concert involved in international terrorism possess both the capability and the intention to undertake further terrorist attacks against the United States that, if not detected and prevented, will cause mass deaths, mass injuries, and massive destruction of property, and may place at risk the continuity of the operations of the United States Government.
(d) The ability of the United States to protect the United States and its citizens, and to help its allies and other cooperating nations protect their nations and their citizens, from such further terrorist attacks depends in significant part upon using the United States Armed Forces to identify terrorists and those who support them, to disrupt their activities, and to eliminate their ability to conduct or support such attacks.
(e) To protect the United States and its citizens, and for the effective conduct of military operations and prevention of terrorist attacks, it is necessary for individuals subject to this order pursuant to section 2 hereof to be detained, and, when tried, to be tried for violations of the laws of war and other applicable laws by military tribunals.
(f) Given the danger to the safety of the United States and the nature of international terrorism, and to the extent provided by and under this order, I find consistent with section 836 of title 10, United States Code, that it is not practicable to apply in military commissions under this order the principles of law and the rules of evidence generally recognized in the trial of criminal cases in the United States district courts.
(g) Having fully considered the magnitude of the potential deaths, injuries, and property destruction that would result from potential acts of terrorism against the United States, and the probability that such acts will occur, I have determined that an extraordinary emergency exists for national defense purposes, that this emergency constitutes an urgent and compelling government interest, and that issuance of this order is necessary to meet the emergency.
Section 2. Definition and Policy.
(a) The term "individual subject to this order" shall mean any individual who is not a United States citizen with respect to whom I determine from time to time in writing that:
(1) there is reason to believe that such individual, at the relevant times,
(i) is or was a member of the organization known as al Qaida;
(ii) has engaged in, aided or abetted, or conspired to commit, acts of international terrorism, or acts in preparation therefor, that have caused, threaten to cause, or have as their aim to cause, injury to or adverse effects on the United States, its citizens, national security, foreign policy, or economy; or
(iii) has knowingly harbored one or more individuals described in subparagraphs (i) or (ii) of subsection 2 (a)(1) of this order; and
(2) it is in the interest of the United States that such individual be subject to this order.
(b) It is the policy of the United States that the Secretary of Defense shall take all necessary measures to ensure that any individual subject to this order is detained in accordance with section 3, and, if the individual is to be tried, that such individual is tried only in accordance with section 4.
(c) It is further the policy of the United States that any individual subject to this order who is not already under the control of the Secretary of Defense but who is under the control of any other officer or agent of the United States or any State shall, upon delivery of a copy of such written determination to such officer or agent, forthwith be placed under the control of the Secretary of Defense.
Section 3. Detention Authority of the Secretary of Defense. Any individual subject to this order shall be --
(a) detained at an appropriate location designated by the Secretary of Defense outside or within the United States;
(b) treated humanely, without any adverse distinction based on race, color, religion, gender, birth, wealth, or any similar criteria;
(c) afforded adequate food, drinking water, shelter, clothing, and medical treatment;
(d) allowed the free exercise of religion consistent with the requirements of such detention;
and
(e) detained in accordance with such other conditions as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe.
Section 4. Authority of the Secretary of Defense Regarding Trials of Individuals Subject to this Order.
(a) Any individual subject to this order shall, when tried, be tried by military commission for any and all offenses triable by military commission that such individual is alleged to have committed, and may be punished in accordance with the penalties provided under applicable law, including life imprisonment or death.
(b) As a military function and in light of the findings in section 1, including subsection (f) thereof, the Secretary of Defense shall issue such orders and regulations, including orders for the appointment of one or more military commissions, as may be necessary to carry out subsection (a) of this section.
(c) Orders and regulations issued under subsection (b) of this section shall include, but not be limited to, rules for the conduct of the proceedings of military commissions, including pretrial, trial, and post-trial procedures, modes of proof, issuance of process, and qualifications of attorneys, which shall at a minimum provide for --
(1) military commissions to sit at any time and any place, consistent with such guidance regarding time and place as the Secretary of Defense may provide;
(2) a full and fair trial, with the military commission sitting as the triers of both fact and law;
(3) admission of such evidence as would, in the opinion of the presiding officer of the military commission (or instead, if any other member of the commission so requests at the time the presiding officer renders that opinion, the opinion of the commission rendered at that time by a majority of the commission), have probative value to a reasonable person;
(4) in a manner consistent with the protection of information classified or classifiable under Executive Order 12958 of April 17, 1995, as amended, or any successor Executive Order, protected by statute or rule from unauthorized disclosure, or otherwise protected by law, (A) the handling of, admission into evidence of, and access to materials and information, and (B) the conduct, closure of, and access to proceedings; (5) conduct of the prosecution by one or more attorneys designated by the Secretary of Defense and conduct of the defense by attorneys for the individual subject to this order; (6) conviction only upon the concurrence of two-thirds of the members of the commission present at the time of the vote, a majority being present; (7) sentencing only upon the concurrence of two-thirds of the members of the commission present at the time of the vote, a majority being present; and (8) submission of the record of the trial, including any conviction or sentence, for review and final decision by me or by the Secretary of Defense if so designated by me for that purpose.
Section 5. Obligation of Other Agencies to Assist the Secretary of Defense.
Departments, agencies, entities, and officers of the United States shall, to the maximum extent permitted by law, provide to the Secretary of Defense such assistance as he may request to implement this order.
Section 6. Additional Authorities of the Secretary of Defense.
(a) As a military function and in light of the findings in section 1, the Secretary of Defense shall issue such orders and regulations as may be necessary to carry out any of the provisions of this order.
(b) The Secretary of Defense may perform any of his functions or duties, and may exercise any of the powers provided to him under this order (other than under section 4(c)(8) hereof) in accordance with section 113(d) of title 10, United States Code.
Section 7. Relationship to Other Law and Forums.
(a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to --
(1) authorize the disclosure of state secrets to any person not otherwise authorized to have access to them;
(2) limit the authority of the President as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces or the power of the President to grant reprieves and pardons; or
(3) limit the lawful authority of the Secretary of Defense, any military commander, or any other officer or agent of the United States or of any State to detain or try any person who is not an individual subject to this order.
(b) With respect to any individual subject to this order --
(1) military tribunals shall have exclusive jurisdiction with respect to offenses by the individual; and
(2) the individual shall not be privileged to seek any remedy or maintain any proceeding, directly or indirectly, or to have any such remedy or proceeding sought on the individual's behalf, in (i) any court of the United States, or any State thereof, (ii) any court of any foreign nation, or (iii) any international tribunal.
(c) This order is not intended to and does not create any right, benefit, or privilege, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or equity by any party, against the United States, its departments, agencies, or other entities, its officers or employees, or any other person.
(d) For purposes of this order, the term "State" includes any State, district, territory, or possession of the United States.
(e) I reserve the authority to direct the Secretary of Defense, at any time hereafter, to transfer to a governmental authority control of any individual subject to this order. Nothing in this order shall be construed to limit the authority of any such governmental authority to prosecute any individual for whom control is transferred.
Section 8. Publication.
This order shall be published in the Federal Register.
GEORGE W. BUSH
THE WHITE HOUSE, November 13, 2001.
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/sept_11/mil_ord_001.htm
Office of the Press Secretary
December 9, 2001
Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day, and Human Rights Week,
2001
by the President of the United States of America
A Proclamation
The terrible tragedies of September 11 served as a grievous reminder that the enemies of freedom do not respect or value individual human rights. Their brutal attacks were an attack on these very rights. When our essential rights are attacked, they must and will be defended.
Americans stand united with those who love democracy, justice, and individual liberty. We are committed to upholding these principles, embodied in our Constitution's Bill of Rights, that have safeguarded us throughout our history and that continue to provide the foundation of our strength and prosperity.
The heinous acts of terrorism committed on September 11 were an attack against civilization itself, and they have caused the world to join together in a coalition that is now waging war on terrorism and defending international human rights. Americans have looked beyond our borders and found encouragement as the world has rallied to join the American-led coalition. Civilized people everywhere have recognized that terrorists threaten every nation that loves liberty and cherishes the protection of individual rights.
Respect for human dignity and individual freedoms reaffirms a core tenet of civilized people everywhere. This important observance honoring our Bill of Rights and advocating human rights around the world allows all Americans to celebrate the universal principles of liberty and justice that define our dreams and shape our hopes as we face the challenges of a new era.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim December 10, 2001, as Human Rights Day; December 15, 2001, as Bill of Rights Day; and the week beginning December 9, 2001, as Human Rights Week. I call upon the people of the United States to honor the legacy of human rights passed down to us from previous generations and to resolve that such liberties will prevail in our Nation and throughout the world as we move into the 21st century.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this ninth day of December, in the year of our Lord two thousand one, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty-sixth.
GEORGE W. BUSH
Riproduzione consentita
citando la fonte. Veron@ Reg. Trib. Verona n° 1292 - 13.11.97
www.infoverona.it
